Manfaat Tomat !!

Manfaat Tomat Bagi Kesehatan Kulit dan Wajah – Tomat merupakan tanaman yang berasal dari Amerika Tengah dan Selatan. Namun tanaman ini masih menimbulkan pertanyaan apakah tanaman ini tergolong dalam kelompok buah-buahan atau tanaman ini termasuk dalam kelompok sayur-sayuran. Pergolongan tanaman ini baik itu termasuk Buah-buahan atau sayuran itu tidaklah terlalu penting, tetapi tanaman ini mempunyai banyak sekali khasiat.

Adapun kandungan yang dimiliki tomat antara lain :

Tomat memiliki kandungan vitamin C yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan jeruk! Berdasarkan pada penelitian diketahui bahwa tanaman tomat yang berwarna merah sarat akan kandungan vitamin C dan vitamin A. Semakin matang buah tomat, kandungan vitamin nya pun semakin banyak. tomat tidak hanya kaya akan vitamin A dan vitamin C saja. Ternyata buah tomat juga mengandung Lycopene, yaitu semacam anti oksidan yang sangat berguna untuk menghancurkan radikal bebas akibat polusi kendaraan, asap rokok dan zat berbahaya lainnya yang masuk ke dalam tubuh. Lycopene juga diketahui berperan aktif dalam mencegah rusaknya sel yang bisa mengakibatkan kanker, seperti kanker prostat, kanker mulut rahim dan sebagainya. Namun tidak hanya itu saja, Pernah liat gel di luar biji tomat kan ? Nah, ternyata gel tersebut berkhasiat mencegah pembekuan darah yang bisa menyebabkan sakit jantung dan stroke. Luar biasa Bukan ? tidak hanya daging buahnya saja, ternyata bijinya pun berkhasiat.

Sedangkan Manfaat Buah Tomat antara lain :
Di Prancis, tomat dinamakan ‘apel cinta’ atau pomme d’amour. Dikatakan sebagai apel cinta, karena tomat diyakini mampu memulihkan lemah syahwat dan meningkatkan jumlah sperma serta menambah kegesitan gerakannya.
Lycopene pada tomat berkhasiat membantu mencegah kerusakan sel yang dapat mengakibatkan kanker leher rahim, kanker prostat, kanker perut dan kanker pankreas.
Mengobati jerawat
Menghaluskan dan mencerahkan kulit
Membantu menurunkan resiko gangguan jantung.
Menghilangkan kelelahan dan menambah nafsu makan.
Menghambat pertumbuhan sel kanker pada prostat, leher rahim, payudara dan endometrium.
Memperlambat penurunan fungsi mata karena pengaruh usia (age-related macular degeneration).
Mengurangi resiko radang usus buntu.
Membantu menjaga kesehatan organ hati, ginjal, dan mencegah kesulitan buang air besar.
Mengobati diare.
Meningkatkan jumlah sperma pada pria.
Memulihkan fungsi lever.
Mengatasi kegemukan.
Manfaat Tomat Bagi Kesehatan Kulit dan Wajah

Tomat Dapat Mengatasi Komedo, Muka Kering Kusam, Dan Berminyak
Salah satu manfaat yang bisa anda dapatkan dari buah tomat ialah dapat membantu anda untuk mengatasi masalah komedo yang membandel diwajah serta bermanfaat untuk mengurangi produksi minyak yang berlebihan diwajah anda. Dan yang tak kalah penting, tomat juga dapat membantu anda mengatasi masalah kulit kering kusam.

Perawatan buah tomat untuk wajah dapat menghasilakan suatu yang sangat maksimal jika anda mengkombinasikan dengan buah alpukat. Adapun cara untuk menggunakan buah tomah untuk perawan wajah alami adalah sebagai berikut:
Ambil satu buah alpukat dan satu buah tomat
Kemudian haluskan dengan menggunakan blender
Setelah buah alpukat dan tomat halus menjadi jus, oleskan ke area wajah anda untuk masker alaminya.
Diamkan terlebih dahulu jangan anda basuh muka anda kurang lebih 15-30 menitan.
Setelah masker menempel 30 menitan, basuhlah muka anda menggunakan air bersih dan keringkan mengunkan handuk halus.
Sebagai Masker Tabir Surya Wajah
Sebagai tabir surya?? Hmmmmm, bisa gak yahh?? Nah jika anda adalah salah satu orang yang sering beraktifitas diluar ruangan, tak ada salahnya untuk mencoba cara alami ini, sehingga kulit anda bisa terlindungi secara alami dari panasnya sinar matahari.

Selain sebagai tabir surya alami, tomat juga dapat membantu anda untuk mengatasi masalah peradangan yang ditimbukanl karena terbakar panasnya sinar matahari.

Adapun caranya adalah dengan menghaluskan buah tomat, kemudian campur dengan sedikit yogurt, setelah itu anda dapat mengoleskannya ke area wajah secara merata. Diamkan 20-30 menit untuk masker alami.

Menghilangkan jerawat.
Kenapa buah tomat bisa kita jadikan bahan alami untuk mengatasi masalah jerawat pada wajah anda, karena buah tomat mengandung beberapa vitamin C, A, dan K, vitamin inilah yang dapat membantu kita untuk mengatasi masalah jerawat.
Adapun cara pengaplikasiannya anda dapat membacanya lengkap di artikel cara menghilangkan jerawat dengan menggunkan buah tomat berikut.
Mengatasi masalah Pori-pori
Adapun cara pengaplikasiannya adalah sebagai berikut:
Siapkan jus tomat yang masih segar sekitar satu sendok makan
Kemudian tambahkan perasan air jeruk nipis yang masih segar sekitar 2-4 tetes.
Ambil kapas kemudian bentuk menjadi bulat.
Celupkan kapas ke jus tomat bercampur air jeruk nipis dan oleskanlah ke area wajah anda dan berikan sentuhan hangat memijit memutar sebentar saja.
Diamkan kurang lebih 15 menit dan basuh dengan air bersih, jika ada air dingin.
Untuk mendapatkan hasil yang maksimal lakukan cara ini minimal 2 hari sekali sampai pori-pori mengecil.
Itulah sedikit ulasan mengenai manfaat buah tomat untuk wajah,

Konsumsi penting
Tambahkan tomat dalam menu makanan anda, atau bisa domakan langsung seperti jus tomat atau lainnya. Disarankan mengkonsumsi tomat yang dimasak. Meski tomat mentah menagndung banyak lycopene tetapi bila dimasak maka kandungannya akan meningkat 4 kali lipat tetapi dengan resiko menghilangkan vitamin-vitamin yang tidak tahan panas.

BELAJAR TENSES !!!

MACAM- MACAM TENSES

A. Simple Present Tenses

Tenses ini digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang bersifat tetap, kebiasaan atau kebenaran yang hakiki. Karena sering menyangkut kejadian diwaktu lamapu, sekarang dan akan datang, Tenses ini paling sedikit mempunyai keterangan waktu tertentu.

Kalimat-kalimat bahasa inggris umumnya harus mempunyai subject(s) dan predicate(p). karena itu semua Tenses akan dipormulasi seperti itu.

Rumus:

+) Subject + to be + verb I + Main verb

+) Subject + verbI +(s/es)

Contoh :

* he is handsome

(dia tampan)

* is he handsome?

(apakah dia tampan?)

* he is not handsome

(dia tidak tampan)

Simple Present Tense dipakai ketika:

• Kejadiannya bersifat umum, atau

• Terjadi sepanjang waktu, atau kebiasaan di masa lampau, sekarang dan masa yang akan datang, atau

• Kejadiannya tidak hanya terjadi sekarang, atau

• Bersifat kebenaran umum, yang orang lain tidak dapat menyangkal lagi akan kebenarannya.

B. Present Continuous Tense

Tenses ini digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu tindakan yang benar-benar sedang dilakukan saat ini. Kalimat-kalimat dalam Tenses ini lebih sering dipakai dari pada present Tenses.

Rumus:

subject + to be (is, am, are) + kata kerja + ing

Tense ini dipakai untuk menjelaskan tentang:

• Kejadian yang sedang terjadi sekarang, atau

• Kejadian yang akan terjadi di masa yang akan dating

Contoh :

+) She is cooking in the kitchen.

(dia sedang memasak di dapur)

-) She is not cooking in the kitchen

(dia tidak sedang memasak di dapur)

?) is she cooking in the kitchen?

(Apakah dia sedang memasak di dapur?)

C. Present Perfect Tense

Rumus:

subject + have + past participle (Kata Kerja Bentuk ke-3)

Tense ini digunakan untuk:

• Pengalaman

• Perubahan

• Situasi Yang berkelanjutan

Atau untuk menunjukan suatu peristiwa yang selesai pada waktu yang singkat (baru selesai)
Perhatikan contoh-contoh kalimatnya berikut ini:

+) they have met me

(mereka sudah menemui saya)

?) have they met me?

(apakah mereka sudah menemui saya?

-) they have not met me

( mereka belum menemui saya)

D. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Rumus:

subject + have / has + been + K.Kerja + ing

Kita menggunakan Tense ini untuk menjelaskan:

• Satu kejadian/kegiatan yang baru saja berlangsung

• Satu perbuatan yang berlangsung hingga sekarang (pada saat bicara masih terjadi)

Perhatikan contoh kalimat berikut:

+) They have been playing football

(Mereka telah sedang bermain sepakbola)

-) They have not been playing football

(merka telah tidak sedang bermain sepakbola)

?) have they been playing football?

( Apakah merka telah sedang bermain sepakbola?)

E. Simple Past Tense

Rumus Kalimat Positif:

subject + Kata Kerja Bentuk ke – 2

Rumus Kalimat Negatif :

subject + did + not + Kata Kerja Bentuk ke – 1

Rumus Kalimat Tanya:

Did + subject + Kata Kerja Bentuk ke – 1

Pengecualian: Ketika Predikat suatu kalimat bukan kata kerja, maka pengganti kata kerja tersebut adalah was (I, she, he, it) dan were (we, you, they).

Kapan kita memakai Simple Past Tense?

Kita memakai Tense ini untuk membicarakan tentang satu perbuatan yang terjadi di masa lampau.
Perhatikan contoh kalimat berikut:

+) They were student last year

(mereka pelajar tahun lalu)

-) they were not student last year

(mereka bukan pelajar tahun lalu)

?) were they student last year?

(apakah mereka pelajar tahun lalu?)

F. Past Continuous Tense

Rumus:

subject + was, were + Kata Kerja + ing

Kapan kita menggunakan Tense ini?

Tense ini menggambarkan suatu tindakan atau kejadian pada waktu tertentu di masa lampau.

Contoh:

+)We were joking.

-) We were not joking

?) Were we joking?

G. Past Perfect Tense

Rumus:

had + subject + Kata Kerja Bentuk ke - 3

Kapan kita menggunakan Past Perfect Tense?

Tense ini mengekspresikan tindakan di masa lalu sebelum tindakan lain terjadi, namun kejadiannya di masa lampau.

Perhatikan:

+) I had listen the radio when you come here

(aku sudah mendengar radio sebelum kamu datang

H. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Rumus:

subject + had + been + Kata Kerja + ing

Kapan Kita menggunakan Past Perfect Continuous Tense?

Tense ini sama pemakaiannya dengan Past Perfect Tense, namun mengekspresikan tindakan-tindakan yang lebih lama di masa lampau sebelum tindakan lain terjadi.

Perhatikan:

She had been helping me when they went to scool

(dia telah sedang membantu saya ketika mereka telah pergi ke sekolah)

I. Simple Future Tense

Rumus:
subject + WILL/SHALL + Kata Kerja Bentuk I

Kapan kita mengunakan Simple Future Tense?

a. Tidak Ada Rencana Sebelumnya atau Menyatakan perbuatan/kejadian yang akan dilakukan pada waktu yang akan datang

contoh :

• Hold on. I‘ll get a pen.

b. Prediksi

Contoh:

• It will rain tomorrow.

KALIMAT NON-VERBAL

Ketika predikat suatu kalimat bukan kata kerja, maka gunakan be untuk menggantikan kata kerja tersebut.

Contoh:

• I‘ll be in London tomorrow.

Catatan:

Ketika kita mempunyai rencana atau keinginan untuk melakukan suatu kegiatan di masa yang akan datang, maka gunakan be going to atau Present Continuous Tense untuk menggantikan will/shall.

J. Future Continuous Tense

Rumus:

subject + WILL + BE + Kata Kerja + ing

Kapan kita menggunakan Future Continuous Tense?

Tense ini menggambarkan suatu tindakan yang akan terjadi di waktu tertentu di masa yang akan datang.

Contoh:

He will be teaching me at eight tomorrow

(dia akan sedang mengajar saya pada jam delapan besok)

K. Future Perfect Tense

Rumus:

subject + WILL + HAVE + Kata Kerja Bentuk ke 3

Kapan Kita Menggunakan Future Perfect Tense?

Tense ini kita pakai untuk menggambarkan suatu kegiatan yang akan terjadi di masa yang akan datang sebelum kegiatan lain terjadi.

Contoh:

They will be tired when they arrive.

(mereka akan telah lelah ketika mereka datang)

L. Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Rumus:

Subject + WILL + HAVE + BEEN + Kata Kerja I + ing

Kapan kita memakai Future Perfect Continuous Tense?

Kita menggunakan Tense ini untuk membicarakan tentang suatu tindakan/kegiatan yang panjang sebelum beberapa saat di masa yang akan datang. Contoh:

• He will be tired when he arrives. He will have been traveling for 24 hours.

M. Past Future Tense

Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan/peristiwa yang akan terjadi diwaktu lampau

Rumus:
subject + WOULD + Kata Kerja Bentuk I

Contoh :

She would not be at school tomorrow.

(Dia tidak akan ke sekolah besok)

N. Past Future Continuous Tense

Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang sedang terjadi di waktu lampau.

Rumus:
subject + WOULD + BE + Kata Kerja + ing

Contoh:

We would be having dinner at home yesterday.

(kita akan sedang makan malam di rumah kemarin)

O. Past Future Perfect Tense

untuk menyatakan suatu prbuatan atau peristiwa yang akan sedang terjadi di waktu lampau

Rumus:
subject + WOULD + HAVE + Kata Kerja Bentuk ke 3

Contoh:

she would have be finished to studied if he had not been lazy

(dia akan sudah tamat belajar jika dia tidak malas)

P. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan/peristiwa yang akan sedang terjadi di waktu lampau

Rumus:
Subject + WOULD + HAVE + BEEN + Kata Kerja I + ing

Contoh:

We would have been waiting long.

(kita akan sudah sedang menunggu lama)

KESIMPULAN

Rumus Umum Tense adalah sbb:

No Tenses Rumus

1 Present Simple Tense S + V1 + dll

2 Present Continuous Tense S + is, am, are + V-ing + dll

3 Present Perfect Tense S + have,has + V3 + dll

4 Present Perfect Continuous Tense S + have, has + been + V-ing + dll

5 Past Simple Tense S + V2 + dll

6 Past Continuous Tense S + was, were + V-ing + dll

7 Past Perfect Tense S + had + V3 + dll

8 Past Perfect Continuous Tense S + had + been + V-ing + dll

9 Future Simple Tense S + will + V1 + dll

10 Future Continuous Tense S + will + be + V-ing + dll

11 Future Perfect Tense S + will + have + V3 + dll

12 Future Perfect Continuous Tense S + will + have + been + V-ing + dll

13 Past Future Simple Tense S + would + V1 + dll

14 Past Future Continuous Tense S + would + be + V-ing + dll

15 Past Future Perfect Tense S + would + have + V3 + dll

16 Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense S + would + have + been + V-ing + dll

Articles "Tourism"

Tourism is travelling for pleasure or to enjoy yourself away from the place you live.  People do this for many different reasons – to have fun, visit other countries and learn about other cultures or just relax from stressful working life. Tourists go tovarious destinations - countries with great landmarks, places with lovely beaches or simply areas of wilderness and untouched nature.

In the last few decades tourism has grown very much, mostly because people’slifestyles have changed. They don’t want to stay at home any more. They spend more money on travelling than previous generations did. Travelling has also become cheaper and more affordable. The rise of budget airlines has made it possible to afford trips to faraway countries.

Types of Tourism

• Beach tourism
  Many tourists spend their holidays on beaches. They relax, go bathing or just enjoy the salty sea breeze and the ocean. Spending holidays on beaches has had a long tradition for over one and a half centuries. 
• Winter tourism
  Winter tourism started out in the middle of the 19th century when wealthy Europeans went to St. Moritz and other alpine resorts. In Europe and in the American Rockies skiing resorts attract millions of people every year. Various lifts bring skiers to altitudes of over 3,000 meters.
• Medical tourism
  People go to other countries for medical treatment and operations. Irish women, for example, go to the UK because abortions are forbidden in their country.  West Europeans go to Eastern Europe for dental treatment. Americans go to Mexico for plastic surgeryand other operations.
• Educational tourism
  Young people live as exchange students in other countries, where they go to school and study the language and culture of the hostcountry.
• Sports tourism
  An increasing number of sports fans travel to places where special events are being held. The Olympic Games and world championships attract visitors from around the world. 
• Package Holidays
  Organized tours were started in the middle of the 19th century by a British businessman, Thomas Cook. Package tours are made up of travel to and accommodation at the destination. A tourist agency often provides everything from a plane flight to a rental car. Sometimes such package tours offer a combination of beach holidays and sightseeing trip.
• Spa Tourism
  Spas have been popular since Roman times. In 16th century Britain Bath became the center of spa tourism for the rich population. During the 19th century spas emerged all over Europe. Today people go to spas for thehealing effect of mineral waters as well as for offer wellness treatment, massages, steam baths and other services.
• Adventure tourism
  In the past few decades trips to faraway exotic places have become popular. Tourists looking for thrilling activities go mountaineering, rafting, trekking , or even to remote places in the rainforest.
• Religious tourism
  Religious tourists go on pilgrimages to holy sites. Roman Catholics, for example, travel to Lourdes, Fatima or the Vatican in Europe. Muslims arerequired to go to Mecca at least once in their lifetime. Varanasi , on the banksof the Ganges River, is the spiritual capital of the Hindus.
• Ecotourism
  Recently many people have chosen a type of tourism that does not damage the environment. They avoid travelling by plane or do not buy souvenirs that are made out of endangered plants and animals. Some holiday offers give tourists the chance to take part inenvironmental projects.

Airboating in the Everglades

History of tourism

People have been travelling for pleasure since ancient times.  In ancient Egypt, religious festivals attracted people from the whole Nile Valley. Ancient Greekstravelled regularly to the site of their gods. Romans travelled to Greece, Sicily and other places in the empire. Wealthy Romans had second homes near the sea where they spent the summer.

During the Renaissance educated Europeans embarked on what was called theGrand Tour , a trip to several European countries to enjoy art and architecture and get educated.

In the 19th century the invention of the steam engine made it possible for people to travel by boat and train. Regular passenger services from Europe to America started in the 20th century. The invention of theautomobile made it possible to travel larger distances by car.

In the 1960s going on holidays by plane became affordable for many. Jumbo jets of the early 1970s were capable of carrying over 400 passengers and reducing costs of travelling to other continents even further.

 

Importance of tourism for countries

Tourism is a worldwide industry. In many countries it is the most important largest source of income. Global tourism is growing at a rate of 4% a year.

The tourist industry provides jobs and brings a country foreign currencies. Many groups profit from tourism: travel agencies, store owners ,airports and airlines, hotels, restaurants, etc..

However, mass tourism, can also lead to environmental problems. It can pollute beaches or create noise in otherwise quiet regions. Popular tourist attractions must be controlled by authorities.

 

Recent developments in tourism

In the past years there has been a trend towards shorter holiday breaks during the year. People like to take a few days off to travel. Theinternet has changed the way people organize their holidays. Booking plane tickets online is easy and prices are often lower than withtravel agents.

International tourism has suffered many drawbacks, like the 9/11 attacks, which made security at airports stricter and travelling more difficult. The tsunami that hit Southeast Asia in 2004 killed over 250,000 people including thousands of tourists. 

Vampires is ?????????

Vampires are said to be humans who once cheated death by drinking the blood of others and must therefore continue to drink the blood of the living in order to remain immortal. Consequently, they are believed to have become creatures with supernatural powers, such as amazing strength and the ability to hypnotize potential victims. In some fictionalized accounts of vampires, these creatures can also fly, sometimes after turning into a bat. There has been no physical evidence that such creatures are real, and indeed most people believe that vampires are figments of the imagination whose characteristics are largely based on the vampire in the novel Dracula by Bram Stoker. Some, however, insist that vampires are real creatures, who hunt alone or in bands that roam the streets of large cities looking for lone victims who will not be missed. These creatures, believers say, die when exposed to sunlight, cannot enter churches, and have an aversion to religious symbols such as crosses and to holy water. In addition, they are said to be repelled by garlic. (Some say that these things can kill a vampire, but others believe they only drive away a vampire.)

During the 1970s there were several cases in London of people insisting to police that they had encountered vampires in cemeteries, and one man was so afraid of a vampire attack that he protected himself with a necklace of garlic—and accidentally choked to death when one of the garlic cloves somehow became lodged in his throat. Similar reports are still made today. Vampire lore goes back much further than the late nineteenth century, when Bram Stoker was writing, however. In ancient times, people sometimes reported seeing vampires. For example, the ancient Greeks spoke of there being numerous vampires on the island of Santorini (now Thera). Believers say that such early accounts are particularly credible because they predate vampire novels. Some scholars, however, argue that early stories about vampires—at least those that come from Western cultures—can be attributed to the fact that until modern times, people were sometimes accidentally placed in coffins before they had actually died, which resulted in documented cases of “dead” bodies rising from their coffins.

MOSQUES IS ??

A mosque is a place where Muslims worship and pray to God. Some mosques are also places where Muslims get together and discuss things or where religious education takes place. In some countries mosques also serve political purposes and imams discuss politicalissues.

Mosques date back to the seventh century when they first emerged on the Arabian Peninsula. For centuries towns formed around this central building. Mosques have different sizes and shapes depending on which part of the world they are in. The most famous mosques are in Turkey and the Middle East. The best examples are the Blue Mosque in Istanbul, The Grand Mosque of Mecca or the Prophet’s Mosque in Medina.

The Sacred Mosque in Mecca

History

The model for building mosques was Mohammad’s house in Medina, constructed in the 7th century. After his death mosques became important symbols of Islam. During the Middle Ages they were built wherever Arabs settled.

They spread quickly throughout northern Africa and southern Europe, as far as Spain. By the 15th century Islam had spread to Asia, where it became the dominant religion on the Indonesian islands of Java and Sumatra. During the Ottoman Empire Turks converted to Islam and many great mosques were built in Istanbul and other cities. With the Muslim population spreading to the Balkans mosques have become widespread in many cities and towns in Greece, Albania, Serbia and Bosnia.

Religious functions of a mosque

A mosque is basically a house of prayer but during history it has acquired many other religious functions. Adult Muslims must pray five times a day. While normal prayers can be said anywhere, Muslim men should pray in mosques on Fridays.

During the holy month of Ramadan other events take place in mosques. Some mosques offer dinners after sunset or breakfast before sunrise. During the last days of Ramadan some mosques hold all night prayers. Since Muslims are required to give money to charitythey often donate it at mosques.

Political influence of a mosque

In the course of the 20th century mosques have served political purposes. As conflicts between western society and the Muslim world rose, mosques were used to preach peace and understanding among religions.

Mosques are often the center of social conflicts. In the past decades series of bombs have exploded in mosques all over the world. Al Qaeda and other terrorist organizations have repeatedly used mosques as a place to recruit and train radical Muslims.

In the 1960s Saudi Arabia started financing the construction of mosques around the world in an attempt to spread Islam. Withpetrodollars that the country has received in the last decades Saudis can afford sharing their wealth with others, especially poor Muslims.

Parts of a Mosque

Arab mosques usually have a square or rectangular layout with a courtyard in the middle. The first mosques had flat roofs on top of the prayer halls. Later on Islamic architecture focused on domes and arched entrances. The Ottomans introduced mosques with a central dome over the prayer hall in the 15th century.

A common feature of many mosques is a minaret, a tall thin tower that is usually located at one of the corners. They were designed to make mosques as big as Christian churches, with their bell towers. From the minaret a muezzin announces praying time toworshippers.

The prayer hall normally does not have any benches or chairs. Worshippers pray in rows facing Mecca. There are no statues or pictures on the walls. Some mosques show verses of the Koran on the walls to assist worshippers. Many prayer halls have columns that uphold the roof. Every mosque has a mihrab, a niche in the wall that points to Mecca. From a pulpit, or minbar, the religious leader of the mosque, the imam delivers his speech.

In the course of time mosques became bigger and attained other functions. Today there are rooms for social gatherings, health clinics,libraries or gymnasiums.

MONEY

Money is something that is very difficult to explain . People in various cultures think of money in different ways. A London banker and an African tribesman have different ideas of what money is.

Many people think of money as a currency –metal coins and paper bills . We need it to buy the things in life that we need. We also get money for the work that we do. So, money is a way of exchanging goods and services .

The History of Money

In early civilisations people did not have money. They traded objects. Maybe a hunter had more animal furs than he could use and his neighbour might have caught more fish than he could eat himself. They soon saw that they needed each other. The fisherman neededfurs to protect himself from the cold and the hunter needed something to eat, so they exchanged their goods . This is called barter .

Barter also had disadvantages . If there weren’t any more people who needed the hunter’s furs he couldn’t trade them for the things he needed.

Early Forms of Money

As time went on, people used things that were valuable as a kind of money. Cattle was one of the earliest forms of money. People who had many cows were thought to be very rich. Later on, grain and salt were common forms of money. They had advantages because you could weigh them.

The Aztecs used cacao beans as money. They were valuable and easy to carry. The early American colonists used gunpowder , tobacco and nails as money. These things were very rare .

Coins

In the course of time people searched for better ways of trading goods. They found out that metal ,especially gold and silver, was very valuable .

Some historians believe that the first coins were made at around 700 B.C. by the Lydians . The Greeks and Romans also had silver and gold coins . Their value was guaranteed by the government .

But it was not until the late Middle Ages that coins became common throughout Europe. Metals werestamped and coins had to have a certain weight . People knew how many coins they needed to buy something because they had a fixed value .

How healthy is coffee really ?

Coffee is one of the most popular drinks around the world. There are many different types  of coffee and experts claim that there are more flavors of coffee than there are of wine. Coffee contains caffeine, a stimulant that raises our awareness, keeps us from falling asleep or simply gives us a kick in the morning or after lunch.

Food experts, however, are still undecided on how healthy coffee is. For a long time doctors have told people not to drink too much coffee, because it may lead to heart problems, high blood pressure, insomnia and headaches.

Scientists have now found out that it is the quality of coffee and the way it is brewed that holds the key to our health. Elderly people on the Greek island of Ikaria, live longer than normal. Among other things, this is linked to the consumption of a strong brew of coffee. Experts also point out that different roasts and types of coffee beans have different effects on our health. Milk and sugar change the different levels of caffeine in a cup of coffee.

Cup of Black Coffee

A new study by a Harvard research group says that there is no link between coffee and health problems. Drinking several cups of strong coffee a day is not connected with premature death or other heart diseases. Doctors, however, warn against drinking too much coffee, as it can lead to stomach problems.

Coffee has many advantages, as the new study suggests. While alcohol makes people lethargic and slow-moving, coffee gives them energy. Getting together for a cup of coffee is also a form of socializing and has a positive effect on relationships.

Although a lot still needs to be uncovered about coffee, it seems to reduce the risk of cancer and diabetes. Reports show that people who drink coffee may develop Parkinson’s disease later in life, or maybe not at all. Neurologists think that coffee may have a positive effect on connecting passageways in our brain.